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GREMLIN — References

Citing GREMLIN

@software{gremlin_software,
  title        = {{GREMLIN} -- {GR}een Energy Monitoring for Large
                  {IN}frastructure},
  author       = {Steinhagen, Ralph J. and others},
  organization = {GSI Helmholtzzentrum f{\"u}r Schwerionenforschung / FAIR},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://github.com/fair-acc/gremlin},
  note         = {Developed under EU Horizon Europe Grant Agreement
                  No.\ 101275935 (iRIS).},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.20520246}
}

@misc{iris_project,
  title        = {{iRIS} -- Intelligent Research Infrastructure
                  Sustainability},
  howpublished = {EU Horizon Europe Grant Agreement No.\ 101275935},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/projects-details/43108390/101275935/HORIZON}
}

@software{pulsed_power_ml,
  title        = {pulsed-power-ml: machine-learning prototypes for
                  pulsed-power and energy disaggregation},
  author       = {{fair-acc contributors}},
  organization = {GSI Helmholtzzentrum f{\"u}r Schwerionenforschung / FAIR},
  year         = {TODO},
  url          = {https://github.com/fair-acc/pulsed-power-ml}
  % doi       = {TODO: locate Zenodo DOI if one exists}
}

Bibliography

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) and disaggregation

  • G. W. Hart, "Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring," Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1870–1891, Dec. 1992. doi: 10.1109/5.192069.
  • S. Gupta, M. S. Reynolds, and S. N. Patel, "ElectriSense: single-point sensing using EMI for electrical event detection and classification in the home," in Proc. 12th ACM Int. Conf. Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp '10), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2010, pp. 139–148. doi: 10.1145/1864349.1864375.
  • J. Z. Kolter and M. J. Johnson, "REDD: a public data set for energy disaggregation research," in Proc. SustKDD Workshop on Data Mining Applications in Sustainability, San Diego, CA, 2011. Project page.
  • M. Zeifman and K. Roth, "Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring: review and outlook," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 76–84, Feb. 2011. doi: 10.1109/TCE.2011.5735484.
  • A. Zoha, A. Gluhak, M. A. Imran, and S. Rajasegarar, "Non-intrusive load monitoring approaches for disaggregated energy sensing: a survey," Sensors, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 16838–16866, Dec. 2012. doi: 10.3390/s121216838.
  • N. Batra, J. Kelly, O. Parson, H. Dutta, W. Knottenbelt, A. Rogers, A. Singh, and M. Srivastava, "NILMTK: an open source toolkit for non-intrusive load monitoring," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Future Energy Systems (ACM e-Energy), Cambridge, UK, 2014. doi: 10.1145/2602044.2602051.
  • J. Kelly and W. Knottenbelt, "Neural NILM: deep neural networks applied to energy disaggregation," in Proc. 2nd ACM Int. Conf. Embedded Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments (BuildSys '15), Seoul, 2015, pp. 55–64. doi: 10.1145/2821650.2821672.
  • J. Kelly and W. Knottenbelt, "The UK-DALE dataset, domestic appliance-level electricity demand and whole-house demand from five UK homes," Scientific Data, vol. 2, art. 150007, 2015. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.7.

Foundations and historical lineage of EM-signature observation

  • H. Hertz, "Über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft" (On the propagation of electric force), Annalen der Physik, vol. 270, no. 7, pp. 551–569, 1888. doi: 10.1002/andp.18882700708.
  • National Security Agency, TEMPEST: A Signal Problem (declassified), Cryptologic Spectrum, 1972 (declassified 2007). PDF.
  • W. van Eck, "Electromagnetic radiation from video display units: an eavesdropping risk?," Computers & Security, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 269–286, Dec. 1985. doi: 10.1016/0167-4048(85)90046-X.
  • M. G. Kuhn, "Compromising emanations: eavesdropping risks of computer displays," Univ. Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Tech. Rep. UCAM-CL-TR-577, Dec. 2003. doi: 10.48456/tr-577.
  • M. G. Kuhn, "Electromagnetic eavesdropping risks of flat-panel displays," in Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET 2004), LNCS vol. 3424, Berlin: Springer, 2005, pp. 88–107. doi: 10.1007/11423409_7.

Ageing as signature — component-level EM evolution

The basis for GREMLIN's availability axis: as power-electronic components age, their conducted-EMI and harmonic signatures evolve in measurable, characteristic ways before the device fails.

  • C. S. Kulkarni, J. R. Celaya, K. Goebel, and G. Biswas, "Physics-based electrolytic capacitor degradation models for prognostic studies under thermal overstress," in Proc. European Conf. Prognostics and Health Management Society, 2012, vol. 1, no. 1. doi: 10.36001/phme.2012.v1i1.1423.
  • A. Boyer, H. Huang, and S. Ben Dhia, "Impact of thermal aging on emission of a buck DC-DC converter," in 2014 Int. Symp. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo, 2014, pp. 77–80. Preprint on HAL.
  • H. Huang, A. Boyer, and S. Ben Dhia, "Analysis and modeling of passive device degradation for a long-term electromagnetic emission study of a DC–DC converter," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 55, no. 9–10, pp. 2061–2066, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.microrel.2015.06.142.
  • E. Dimech and J. F. Dawson, "Electrical parameters characterization of aged IGBTs by thermo-electrical overstress," in IECON 2018 — 44th Annual Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2018, pp. 5924–5929. doi: 10.1109/IECON.2018.8591088.
  • E. Dimech and J. F. Dawson, "IGBT's ageing and its impacts on the EM conducted emissions," in EMC Europe 2024 (IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagnetic Compatibility), 2024. doi: 10.1109/EMCEurope59828.2024.10722359. Open-access post-print (University of Malta OAR); York Pure portal.

Platform and tooling

Project and predecessor